Definition of Family Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Meaning of Family - Research Paper Example In conclusion, he recognized new parents and gay accomplices with or without youngsters as a family. The definitions given share a great deal for all intents and purpose. All the respondents perceive that a family should have guardians and their kids. Respondent A, for instance, distinguished a dad, mother, and kids as the center individuals from the family. Comparative conclusions were given by respondents B and C who saw the association of guardians and kids as the family. Another closeness in their definitions was the idea of individuals with shared interests meeting up to shape a family. It isn't unexpected to hear strict gatherings allude themselves as families in light of the fact that the individuals plan to love and do things that please their maker. Aside from respondent A, the other two didn't reverberate the possibility of family members as a major aspect of the family. In spite of the fact that the more distant family includes family members, the two respondents decided t o overlook them in their definitions. Respondent C said gay accomplices likewise fit the bill to be a family. Different respondents had no clue about gay and lesbian families.I characterize family as the fundamental social gathering that includes guardians and their youngsters or individuals with shared qualities and stay in a similar spot. As indicated by Eggenberger et al. (2006), a family is a noteworthy social unit that goes about as the establishment of society and its societies. The diary underpins my definition on the grounds that a family is the premise of a network. Family organizes help interface various individuals to shape a general public with shared qualities.

The Diversity Delusion by Heather MacDonald Professor Ramos Blog

The Diversity Delusion by Heather MacDonald https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oE-_weLRLK4t=1279s Heather MacDonald is talking at Hillsdale College in Michigan and starts by saying she has had minorities at numerous universities storm the phase during her discourse, walkout and even square the passageway of where she was booked to talk. Her hypothesis is the â€Å"ideology of victimhood† among minorities in the United States is absurd and widespread. She discusses the â€Å"victims of oppression† carrying on and expressing they â€Å"fear for their lives† misrepresenting the battle among minorities of a wide range. There is an extending number of arrangements that is making a madness and immersion of self centeredness. She feels that the universities are enduring because of changing laws and approaches on tolerating and selecting understudies since they are limited to keeping the grounds assorted as opposed to putting together acknowledgment with respect to capabilities. The organization in these schools approve and even energize this conduct with grants and expressing gratitude toward the demonstrators for facing the â€Å"society norm.† They have made predisposition reaction groups to address gives that may emerge nearby. Perusing material is being addressed dependent on the creators race or sexual orientation not the material it talks about. Music writer plans are being focused on guaranteeing there is a various sex employed to perform. She expresses all the well known writers, for example, Bach, Mozart and Beethoven were all white guys, â€Å"get over it.† Every feature of our general public is currently in the â€Å"victimologist crosshairs† in light of this attitude and it should be â€Å"nipped in the butt.†Ã¢ Newsrooms, writers and Hollywood are under a degree and need to enhance even with unfit possibility to guarantee they won’t be called supremacist. This â€Å"narcissistic delusion† will forestall the accomplishment of our future since we are yielding to this development that is unf ortunate for capable minorities that may not find a new line of work on account of their character. This supposed â€Å"delusion† on the social clamor and overdramatization of the way that minorities have taken it excessively far. This influences numerous aspects of the world including media, work environment, universities, and music. Minorities have the high ground and adventure their battles bringing about the prohibition of lion's share bunches from being thought of. The aftermath from such shows of craziness reveals insight into an issue that isn’t as large as they cause it to appear. Do you concur with all or part of her hypothesis? Does her hypothesis prompt loathe toward minority gatherings?

Alcohol, Drinking, and Alcoholism - Confessions of a Teen Alcoholic :: Personal Narrative Essays

Admissions of a Teen Alcoholic The start, was blameless in appearance - just a container of my dad's brew, so as to quiet myself before the large test. My first beverage, an investigation suggested by a companion in the senior class, was implied uniquely if all else fails - I expected to breeze through this assessment, you understand. Ok, yet how that golden fluid transformed to unadulterated silk in my mouth, sloshing down my throat from the start, rapidly changing to a delicate stroke. The primary taste, trailed by a second, and a third, etc in fast arrangement. I proceded to another container, similarly as had of quietness as the first. At the point when my sanctuaries throbbed with the agonizing force of a thousand bass drums the resulting morning, the clarity picked up from the earlier night's blowout with Bacchus had by one way or another slipped from my grip. I bombed the test, so penetrating was my migraine. After showing up home, I advanced straightforwardly to the alcohol bureau, with expectations of finding a substantial solace to mitigate the hopelessness welcomed on by my insightful thrashing. A for the most part filled jug of whiskey sat in the preeminent corner of the bureau. I gulped everything down that evening, and was left with a vacant decanter - which I stowed away in the basement, in case my folks know about this freshly discovered side interest †and a to some degree fascinating feeling of intoxication. Days, weeks, months passed, and I wound up enjoying liquor substantially more regularly, for a horde of reasons. At some point, I had a horrible squabble with my better half - a touch of Jack Daniels reset my head. Once, I made some harsh memories with my mentor at soccer practice. Not an issue, basically swallow down a couple of glasses of mother's Bordeaux. The additional time I went through with my dear companion John Barleycorn, the more troublesome it was to be away from him. The yearnings developed to where I required a beverage to get myself wakeful toward the beginning of the day, while another was important to last through my evening classes. Liquor was the focal point of any social movement, it was as long as I can remember, but then I would not let it out. I shrouded my compulsion each snapshot of consistently, putting away void jars and containers in the loft when there was not a solitary unnoticeable space left in the cellar. Liquor, Drinking, and Alcoholism - Confessions of a Teen Alcoholic :: Personal Narrative Essays Admissions of a Teen Alcoholic The start, was blameless in appearance - only a jug of my dad's lager, so as to quiet myself before the huge test. My first beverage, a test suggested by a companion in the senior class, was implied uniquely if all else fails - I expected to finish this assessment, you understand. Ok, however how that golden fluid transformed to unadulterated silk in my mouth, sloshing down my throat from the outset, rapidly changing to a delicate stroke. The principal taste, trailed by a second, and a third, etc in fast succession. I proceded to another jug, similarly as had of quietness as the first. At the point when my sanctuaries throbbed with the unbearable force of a thousand bass drums the resulting morning, the clarity picked up from the earlier night's gala with Bacchus had by one way or another slipped from my grip. I bombed the test, so penetrating was my cerebral pain. After showing up home, I advanced straightforwardly to the alcohol bureau, with expectations of finding a substantial solace to mollify the hopelessness welcomed on by my insightful destruction. A generally filled jug of whiskey sat in the preeminent corner of the bureau. I gulped everything down that evening, and was left with an unfilled decanter - which I stowed away in the basement, in case my folks know about this newly discovered hobby †and a to some degree interesting feeling of intoxication. Days, weeks, months passed, and I ended up enjoying liquor significantly more frequently, for a horde of reasons. At some point, I had a horrendous fight with my sweetheart - a touch of Jack Daniels reset my head. Once, I made some harsh memories with my mentor at soccer practice. Not an issue, just swallow down a couple of glasses of mother's Bordeaux. The additional time I went through with my dear companion John Barleycorn, the more troublesome it was to be away from him. The desires developed to where I required a beverage to get myself wakeful in the first part of the day, while another was important to last through my evening classes. Liquor was the focal point of any social movement, it was as long as I can remember, but I would not let it be known. I shrouded my enslavement each snapshot of consistently, putting away void jars and containers in the upper room when there was not a solitary subtle space left in the storm cellar.

Market Structures Coursework - 1925 Words

Market Structures (Coursework Sample) Content: TYPES OF MARKET STRUCTURESNAMEINSTRUCTORDATEIntroduction The industry is comprised of all organizations that make indistinguishable or similar items that are homogenous. The industrys market structure relies upon the competition of the firms as well as their number, thereby resulting into four essential market structures specifically (Kurtz Boone, 2011): Monopolistic competition is an industry that contains numerous contending firms. The organizations or firms offer a similar or indistinguishable even though a bit different items. The products are profoundly differentiated in terms of prices and features (OConnor, 2004). Under monopolistic competition market structure, there are low barriers to entry and the firms normally compete by offering similar but not identical products. Monopoly is a business sector structure that has no rival in light of the fact that there is one and only firm in the business. Monopolistic market structure decreases yield with a specific en d goal of driving up costs and henceforth improving profits (Tragakes, 2012). Monopolistic firms, in this way, manufacture products at greater costs than competitive firms and hence produce less than the socially responsible level of output. Perfect competition is a business sector structure that happens when there are various firms that go up against one another. Firms in this business structure produce the socially ideal level of yield at the minimum possible per unit cost. Oligopoly is a market structure that has just a couple of firms are able to collude so as to lower expenses or costs and hence drive up benefits much the same as a monopoly. However, due to the fact that such business organizations possess strong incentives to cheat on the collusive agreements, they may end up conning against one another. The essay talks about the characteristics of the four essential business structures. It then clarifies the key contrasts and similarities between the market structures regard ing price and output determination. Further, the essay clarifies whether the allocative and productivity efficiencies can be attained in the monopoly and perfect competition. Main characteristics of the four marketsMonopolistic competitionMain characteristics of the four marketsMonopolistic competitionProduct differentiation Having numerous firms in the market makes, this market structure to bring out exceedingly differentiated items, however, the prices of the products are not very much different from each other. Highly differentiated products present the firms with the opportunity to compete with each other in a bid to attract and control the market.Selling cost A new firm is required to incur extra expenses regarding selling costs so as to make buyers realize the distinctions in the items. These expenses or costs incorporate sales promotion expenses; advertising expenses, pay rates of advertising staff, and so forth. These expenses need be used to convince purchasers to buy a giv en item brand in preference to competitors brands (OConnor, 2004).Number of sellers This market structure has numerous sellers that fulfill the market demand hence creating stiff, firm rivalry and competition. The sellers are not able to control price of output because they have restricted share of the market. The products are just close substitutes and not perfect substitutes for one another (Kurtz Boone, 2011).Freedom of entry and exit New firms are allowed to enter and leave the business sector freely.Interdependence The organizations are diverse in their sizes, and each firm has its own marketing and production policy, because of this, no firm is affected or influenced by other firms.Price and output determination Profit maximizing price and output of a monopolistic competition firm occurs in the short run at a point where MC=MR. this is demonstrated in the graph below INCLUDEPICTURE "https://sites.google.com/site/maeconomicsku/_/rsrc/1332863364536/home/monopolistic-competitio n/image003.gif" \* MERGEFORMATINET 
 The first diagram shows a profit of (P'-T)')*OM while diagram b shows a loss of (T'-P')*OM. in the short run there are few firms and the firm is making a supernatural profit, However, this ceases in the long run because many firms have entered the market as a result of freedom of entry and exit. Equilibrium profit maximizing price and output, therefore, occurs at a point where AR=AC (Kurtz Boone, 2011). In the long run, the firms only make a sufficient profit to sustain it. INCLUDEPICTURE "https://sites.google.com/site/maeconomicsku/_/rsrc/1332863486847/home/monopolistic-competition/image004.gif" \* MERGEFORMATINET 
MonopolyNo close substitutes The single firm manufactures a single commodity that cannot be easily substituted.Firm is a price maker Because the firm has a market power, it is a price marker. On the other hand, buyers are price takers.The number of sellers and buyers There is a solitary seller in the industry that has absolute c ontrol on the output of the commodity. Notwithstanding, there are many buyers in the business sector (Tragakes, 2012).Price-discrimination A monopoly firm is able to charge different prices for diverse market segment or consumers. The prices could be different for diverse geographical locations or individual consumers.Long run profit The firm has the capacity earn supernormal profits or benefits both in the short run and long run. This is possible because the firm lacks competitive seller that is able to displace it from this position (OConnor, 2004).Barriers to entry and exit There is a strong entry into the market, and a new firm is confined from entering the market since monopoly is a one-firm industry. This implies that there exist no distinction between the firm and an industry (Kurtz Boone, 2011).Price and output determinationBeing the only firm in the market, a monopolist is a price maker. Profit maximizing output and price occurs at a point where MC=MR and the MC cut MR fro m below. Equilibrium price is fixed at left to the lowest point of AC. Price is normally higher while the output is normally lower.  INCLUDEPICTURE "http://maeconomics.webs.com/micro_economics/Price_Determination_under_Monopoly_files/image002.gif" \* MERGEFORMATINET 
Price is at point M and output is at point PPerfect competitionKnowledge regarding the market The buyers and sellers have perfect knowledge about the market; they are aware of all the conditions that are present in the market. The sellers have a perfect knowledge of the prevailing market price while the buyers are aware of prices that they charge. For the assumption of uniform price to hold, Buyers and sellers should have perfect knowledge of the market.Homogeneous products The products sold in this market structure are very nearly the same or indistinguishable as other. The items are identical from one another on the grounds that they are perfect substitutes for one another. The items are splendidly comparable in qu ality, size, and quantity and shape (Kurtz Boone, 2011).Transport cost There is no transport cost in the uniform price that is charged in the market. Prices that sellers charge are not influenced by the geographical locations of the buyers in the business.Barriers to entry and exit There are no barriers to entry as well as free exit; buyers and sellers are completely allowed to enter and leave the market. There is no tendency for both new and existing firms to leave the market because the firms get typical benefit of profit (Tragakes, 2012).Number of sellers and buyers This market structure has various sellers and buyers. The buyers purchase the commodities thereby lessening the haggling or bargaining power that they have. For example, if one seller attempts to raise its profits by raising the price will make the consumers shift to other sellers who charge lower prices. The sellers are just price takers and not price makers.Uniform price There is a uniform price that is fixed by al l sellers and buyers in the market and not by just individual effort of any seller or a buyer, therefore, the ruling market price is the same since the products are identical or indistinguishable. A business that offers its products at a price that is higher than this ruling market price can lose a larger share of its clients to the competitors.On the other hand, if the seller offers its products at lower cost than the prevailing market price it will experience such a greater demand, to the point that it can't have the capacity to manage (OConnor, 2004).Mobility There is perfect mobility in this market structure. All the factors of production are absolutely mobile; they can freely move from one region to another and from one occupation to another.Price and output determination The profit maximizing output level for a perfectly competitive firm is where marginal cost equals marginal revenue and where the difference between total revenue and total cost is the highest. In the short ru n, the equilibrium output and price of such a firm occur at a point where MC=MR and the MC cut MR from below. Such a price is determined at the lowest point of AC as indicated on the diagram below. In the long run, the firms equilibrium occurs at the tangency of AR and AC and where AR is minimum. This occurs at that point where AC=AR=MC=MR=Price (Kurtz Boone, 2011). This is illu...

Study Of Month Effects On Stock Returns - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 6 Words: 1847 Downloads: 9 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Finance Essay Type Research paper Did you like this example? According to the well known efficient market hypothesis, the stock prices in the future cannot be predicted from the historical trends in the stock prices. The market price of a particular day depends upon the demand and supply on that particular day and has no dependency on the historical data. It states that the market is efficient and no one can take abnormal profits because there are no trends in the stock prices and they cannot be forecasted. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Study Of Month Effects On Stock Returns" essay for you Create order But in the recent researches that have been made in the stock indexes all around the world have given evidences of anomalies seen in the stock indexes and returns that clearly negate the efficient market hypothesis. These anomalies or the trends are called as the Calendar effects. There are many calendar effects that have been detected in the various stock exchanges; the most widely known and searched are January effect, December effect, September effect, Monday effect. And there are others also that depend upon the country that is under study for example the Halloween effect in US stock market and Xmas effect in the English stock markets and Ramadan effect in the Islamic countries are well known. It is interesting fact that even though a lot of research has been conducted on these calendar effects and they have shown a lot of evidence in the stock markets all around the world, even now this has not been honored as a part of the literature. Mainly because if these calendar effe cts are studied over a larger scale of data, they fall weak in their significance. And gave an impression that these are not a reality but a mere illusion of the data or data mining. We in our paper have tried to study if there are any anomalies in the Karachi Stock Exchange. A larger data sample is taken so that the effect of the data mining would be decreased. And other tests would also be run to check the validity of the data and minimize the corruption of data mining. This study would be helpful for the investors in the country and abroad in making the right decisions for gaining profits. The study would also be helpful for the researchers all around the world in understanding more clearly this illusion of calendar effects, better, because Karachi Stock Exchange is the one that has been least studied in this context. Finally it would be helpful for the Karachi Stock Exchange itself, we believe, in drawing the attention of the researchers towards it and giving a positive im age in the research world. LITERATURE REVIEW To see the calendar affects and their historical existence, we will have to go back till Fama (1960) introduced the term called as the efficient market hypothesis, according to which the stock markets shows a random walk behavior and that the stock prices are not affected by the historical patterns in the stock market or in other words, the stock prices cannot be predicted. Also the theory stated that there is a uniformity of information in the market. And everyone trading in the market has the same information available to him and because of this uniformity in the stock information; no investor can take the abnormal profits. Various studies and researches were then performed to study the existence of this efficient market hypothesis. But some results were found that were totally contradictory to the efficient market hypothesis and its random walk behavior. Angel Berges, John J. McConnell, and Gary G. Schlarbaum (1984) found out that January effect was visible in the Canadian stock exchange and that the January stock returns were higher than every other month of the year ranging on a data period of 29 years from 1951-1980. These researches gave rise to other researches being conducted on January effect and finding out if there were any other anomalies in the stock exchanges as well. Lakonishok, J., Smidt, S. (1988) studied the Dow Jones over a period of 90 years data and found out significant abnormalities in the stock prices, the most obvious the Monday effect, at the end of the month, at the end of the year and the holiday effect. Having searched on this large scale data of 90 years considering these anomalies due to mere luck is not likely. The research then spreading to the other countries showed the presence of these anomalies in them as well. Anup and Kishore Tandon (1994) conducted a research on five seasonal patterns in the stock markets of eighteen countries. End of the month anomaly was seen in many countries. The large January returns are also seen in most countries. Apart from that Boudreaux (1995) also conducted research on stock markets of seven countries to find out significant positive monthly effects in Australia and Canada, while negative monthly effect in Japanà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s market. P Hansen  (2003) conducted research on 27 stock indices from 10 countries, Denmark, France, Germany, Hong Kong, Italy, Japan, Norway, Sweden, UK, and USA and found 17 possible calendar effects containing 12 month-of-the-year and the 5 day-of-the-week effects. Grimbacher, Swinkels and van Vliet (2010) used a sample from 1963-08 find the Halloween and the turn of the month effects as the most significant of all anomalies and the January effect to be the weakest. These anomalies in the stock exchanges have shown varying results in different countries. For example Bin Li, Benjamin Liu (2010) performed the research in New Zealand Stock Exchange found out significant positive results in June and negative results in August , an anomaly that is not to be seen in UK stock exchanges. Also there was a very less significant January and April effects, present in just two industries indices in the sector. Also there has been a lot of controversy regarding the acceptance of these calendar anomalies as realistic or just because of a mere chance or because of the data mining. Jacobsen, Zhang (2010) used a wide scale data of 317 years of UK stock exchange to verify if these calendar effects were real or just by mere chance. The results also proved the existence of the calendar anomalies. And also shows a change in these anomalies along the time. Pre 1850 there was a December present in the market that changed into the famous January effect afterwards. Underperformance of the stock in the months of July and October is also evident in the data. So there has been a research in the stock exchanges all around the globe and they have found anomalies in the stock exchange returns, despite of the fact that they mi ght have been seen because of the data mining factor. A recent attention has also been given to the Karachi Stock Exchange as well to study if there exists any anomaly in KSE. F Husain (1998) took 36 individual stocks, 8 sector indices, and the general market index, covering the period from January 1, 1989 to December 30, 1993 to study if there was any Ramadan effect in the stock market and found out that although stock returns decline in the month of Ramadan, the reduction, in general, is not significant. There is strong evidence of a significant decline in the volatility of stock returns in this month. S Ali (2009) went to research with a bigger scale data of the KSE comprising closing daily, weekly and monthly data of the KSE 100 index for period starting November 1991 to October 2006. The results again showed neither monthly calendar effects nor days of the week effects. Positive average returns were witnessed in the first and second week while the third and fourth week sh owed average negative returns. There are no monthly calendar effects in the market either. DATA METHADOLOGY We have used the daily Karachi Stock Index ranging across a period of five years from January 2006 to December 2010.The close of day Rt is computed from KSE 100 index as follows: Rt =ln (It/I t-1) Rt is the daily return on KSE100 index on day t. It and I t-1 are closing values of the month respectively. To investigate the calendar effect we estimate the following regression equation: Rt =ÃŽÂ ²1Jt+ ÃŽÂ ²2Ft+ ÃŽÂ ²3MRt+ ÃŽÂ ²4APt+ ÃŽÂ ²5MYt+ ÃŽÂ ²6JNt+ ÃŽÂ ²7JLt+ ÃŽÂ ²8AUt+ ÃŽÂ ²9St+ ÃŽÂ ²10Ot+ ÃŽÂ ²11Nt +ÃŽÂ ²12Dt+à ¡Ã‚ ½Ã‚ ²t Where Rt is the daily returns and Jt, Ft, MRt, APt, MYt, JNt, JLt, AUt, St, Ot, Nt Dt are dummy variables for January, February, March, April, May, June, July, August, September, October, November, December respectively. If it is January than J=1 and à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“0à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? for all other days of the year, if it is February then F=1 and F= 0 for all other days of the year and so forth, à ¡Ã‚ ½Ã‚ ² is a ra ndom term. B1 à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" B12 are co-efficient to be estimated using OLS. Empirical Results We conducted study to investigate the Calendar effect in Karachi stock exchange. We calculate monthly market returns for each month of the year, by using KSE-100 index daily data. Descriptive Statistics: Table- 1 Descriptive Statistics months Minimum Maximum Sum Mean Std. Deviation Variance Skewness Kurtosis Statistic Statistic Statistic Statistic Statistic Statistic Statistic Std. Error Statistic January -5.2785 4.7051 13.2874 .119706 1.4792473 2.188 -.789 .229 3.671 February -5.1349 4.1101 20.7684 .205628 1.3439130 1.806 -.354 .240 2.518 March -4.5007 5.3012 25.6476 .231059 1.5719945 2.471 .052 .229 1.590 April -3.9478 4.3185 15.3018 .143008 1.3536062 1.832 -.080 .234 2.408 May -4.6204 3.5514 -42.1196 -.382905 1.5753882 2.482 -.582 .230 .389 June -6.0418 8.2547 11.8456 .109681 2.1339432 4.554 .218 .233 2.150 July -4.5345 3.8806 5.1754 .046625 1.5524969 2.410 -.554 .229 1.439 August -3.9848 4.3948 -25.1996 -.229087 1.7060419 2.911 - .140 .230 .129 September -2.6705 2.9424 22.4747 .210044 .9636335 .929 .453 .234 .955 October -4.4355 2.8350 18.1200 .163244 1.0256923 1.052 -.889 .229 4.644 November -4.6738 2.7165 -2.3470 -.021934 1.1849094 1.404 -.775 .234 2.411 December -4.8184 2.6518 -41.2052 -.371218 1.5305945 2.343 -1.303 .229 1.285 By descriptive statistics we noted that mean return of the March is higher than the rest of the months. The mean return on March is 0.231059 whereas the mean returns of the rest of the months is an average of -0.018596. The higher mean return shows that there is March effect in Karachi stock exchange. Table- 2 Regression Analysis Model Unstandardized Coefficients Standardized Coefficients T B Std.Error Beta B (Constant) .047 .141 .331 Jan .073 .199 .014 .367 Feb .159 .204 .028 .779 Mar .184 .199 .034 .926 Apr .096 .201 .018 .479 May -.430 .200 -.080 -2.151 Jun .063 .201 .012 .314 July .033 .148 .006 .221 Aug -.276 .200 -.051 -1.381 Sep .163 .201 .030 .813 Oct .117 .199 .022 .585 Nov -.069 .201 -.013 -.341 Dec -.418 .199 -.078 -2.097 Regression results and related statistics are presented in table 2 and ANOVA test results are presented in table 3 Table- 3 ANOVA Model Sum of Squares Df Mean Square F Sig. 1 Regression 60.081 11 5.462 2.480 .004(a) Residual 2848.185 1293 2.203 Total 2908.265 1304 The results show that there is March effect in Pakistani stock market. The t value for the month of March is 0.926 which indicates a greater impact on the Rt. ANOVA suggest that the model is significant with F significance 0.004. Which indicate the fitness of the model. CONCLUSION In this study we have examined daily returns of KSE-100 Index, from the period starting 2006 till end of 2010, with a purpose to find out if there exist any monthly anomalies in the returns. In Karachi Stock Exchange, trading occurs five days a week (Monday, Tuesday, Wednesday, Thursday and Friday) throughout the year. The Efficient Market Hypothesis explains that there are constant market returns for the whole year. Empirical results of this study indicate that there is a significant March effect in Karachi Stock market. And this is proven by both the regression results and the descriptive statistics that are highest for the month of March than any other month of the year. March Returns are more volatile compared to other months of the year. So the results have concluded that in the recent five years, there has existed a month effect in Karachi stock market which is the March Effect. And thus the Efficient Market Hypothesis is violated in KSE.

Argentina Crisis Related to Greeces Case - 2681 Words

BANKING PAPER REQUIEREMENTS My paper will discusses about the link between both crisis in Greece and Argentina, what we have learnt since this crisis and what are the common mistakes committed by both. Economic environment â€Å"Eleven years after the financial crisis of 2001, which led to the largest default in history (75 billion Euros), Argentina has reimbursed, the August 3, the last holders of securities issued during the freezing of assets, called corralito (small enclosure). The final explosion occurs when the Minister of Economy Domingo Cavallo announced on 1 December 2001, before the flight of capital and the liquidity crisis, the implementation of corralito, limiting bank withdrawals to 250 pesos a week†¦show more content†¦Depositors start to withdraw their bank deposits, raising fears of a liquidity crisis for many financial institutions. People of Argentina didn’t trust about the system, making a liquidity crisis due to the higher amount of withdrawals especially caused by a lack of confidence or unexpected need for cash, the crisis of confidence in general lead to a liquidity crisis. Banking system was trapped in a vicious cycle of untrustworthiness, impacts were symptomatic as quoting â€Å"you could see customers queuing to withdraw their savings, liquidating their bank accounts frantically and when people began to understand that they could probably not recover fully their savings that people began fights and that we understand the effects of the crisis†. A system risks has spread into the system and contagion has becoming effective quickly due to the fall of confidence of people and the incapacity to bank to pay back people. In addition, the Argentinean banks are interconnected and shared risks and when the first one declare bankruptcy, the assets contained in the banks found themselves insolvent, and thus risked bankruptcy and the generalized bankruptcy of the system. Recession causes strikes and decrease of public income, which has as its corollary the increase in public debt, and the fact that they must pay back the debt in peso, due to his withdrawal ofShow MoreRelatedGreece Case Analysis816 Words   |  4 Pagesoccurred in the fourth century. To top it all off, Greece has spent ninety years which is almost half of the time since it’s independence in a financial crisis? This all leads up to the longheld debate between many citizens of this country and many others that may possibly be affected by this tough decision. At the peak of Greece’s financial crisis, (as of 2016) over 314 billion euros in debt, many are fighting over whether or not they should return back to their original, national currency, otherwiseRead MoreThe Comparative Advantage of Greece in the Era of Recession4221 Words   |  17 PagesHeckscher-Ohlin. Furthermore we analyze the current situation of the country, Greece’s economic structure and its trade pe rformance, mainly the exports. In addition we identify the elements of the Greek competitiveness and the results of the fiscal consolidation that Greece is undergoing. Having analyzed the definition of the comparative advantage and the data concerning Greece’s reforms we proceed in identifying Greece’s comparative advantage mainly in four different sectors. Firstly we identify theRead MoreNation Branding-Best Practices Through Sports, Laws and Science7411 Words   |  30 Pagesexamples where countries like Denmark did an exceptional work with branding by Sports. Denmark brands itself with sports There are 99 ways to skin a cat, and some more to brand a nation. Sports is just another one to do so. A specific country, in this case, Denmark, is including sports and sports events within its nation branding agenda. â€Å"Sports events today are much more than a sports competition. They are an experience for the athletes and participants – and for the tv-viewers at home. They areRead MoreWine Consumption Essay examples6888 Words   |  28 Pageswith 70 acres of vines, with the ability to produce a variety of wine styles. Eddy and Frank are backed by an experienced team, with 50 employees in total. The winery currently produces 500,000 cases per year, but has the capacity to expand considerably. In Australia they sell for an average of $15 per bottle. 1-d. Product/s of the organisation under consideration for entry into an international market Australias

Academic Writing for Globe and Mail- myassignmenthelp.com

Question: Write about theAcademic Writing for Globe and Mail. Answer: Introduction Saunders, Doug, is your wardrobe killing Bangladeshis, or saving them? The main argument of the article is to highlight the issue of buying clothes from the retailers that are selling clothes manufactured in countries like Bangladesh. A garment factory located in the outskirts of Bangladesh was not in a good condition because the factory building developed cracks. The factory owners received the warnings, still the owners turned deaf ear. When the disaster struck, it has led to a horrendous accident and the death toll increased to 300 people. The building was an 8 storey and the collapse has led to the killing of the several women that were sewing in the factory. The clothes that the factory workers were sewing were for the North American and European customers that were made for the companies like the grocery giant Loblaw Cos. Ltd and Joe Fresh (The Globe and Mail, 2018). Major strengths- the article does not fail to highlight the issues of worker related plight in the third world countries. The workers are deprived of a proper working environment and thus faces the worst accidents due to the negligence of the owners. Thesis statement- The third world countries are the most feasible place for using the cheap labour and this is turn has led to the increase in the reduced standard of living in the countries like Bangladesh. Major points- In the year 1911, a fire accident occurred in Triangle Shirtwaist Factory and it led to the death of the 146 Italian and Jewish immigrants that were under the age of 18. Due to the ignorance of the factory owners of the factory, the workers either plunged to death or got roasted. Such a similar incident also occurred in the outskirts of Dhaka, Bangladesh. This factory has developed cracks and fractures which was ignored by the factory owners. A disaster struck the building and it led to the collapse of the 8 storey building upon the workers of the factory that were majorly consisted of the women workers. The companies for which the factory was making the clothes were Loblaw Cos. Ltd. and Joe Fresh. Thus, the main question that arise here is a person is wearing clothes which belong to the brands of Joe Fresh and Loblaw Cos. Ltd., then does that mean that person is actually responsible for the deaths of the hundreds of people. is the clothing bargain leading to the povert y creation, death and misery in the poor countries? What world the condition of the world be if people do not buy clothes that are made in Bangladesh (The Globe and Mail, 2018). Minor details- It is important to note that the questions are understandable and the context within which the whole issues is all about actually makes sense. The garment factories that operate in countries like Mexico, India, China and Bangladesh are the most valued place for the retailer giants due to the high cheap labour costs and the non-stringent labour laws. Conclusion From the above discussion, it can be concluded that the third world countries are the worst sufferer with respect to the Western garment factories. There has been issues of factory accidents due to several innocent factory workers have died. The condition however is improving and this has led to the factory owners to apply the safety and precautionary measures inside the factory premises. The article does not fail to highlight the issues of worker related plight in the third world countries. The workers are deprived of a proper working environment and thus faces the worst accidents due to the negligence of the owners. In the third world countries like Bangladesh, it is hard to imagine the hoe people are toiling to earn their daily bread. The third world countries are the under-developed countries and thus, such countries have poor health index, life expectancy and standards of living is comparatively poor with respect to the other developing nations. The high density of people per square kilometre has led to the poor living condition. The governments in such countries especially do not exercise enough power to properly govern the country. This renders the common citizens with less hope to prosper and reduced grievance redressal. The condition in Bangladesh is however is changing and it has actually led to many people to move to the cities where there is a high number of conglomerate of factories. The people that are getting jobs due to the external offer by the garment giants provides an immense opportunity for the Bangladeshi people, to improve their standard of living and has also led to improved women status and condition. The garment boom in the western countries has led to the reduction of poverty in the Eastern countries. The wages provided by these garment giants provide more wages in comparison to the casual labour and subsistence farming. These garment giants have taken extra caution in the development of the workplace safety and standards. Reference The Globe and Mail. (2018). Is your wardrobe killing Bangladeshis, or saving them?. The Globe and Mail. Retrieved 20 April 2018, from https://www.theglobeandmail.com/opinion/is-your-wardrobe-killing-bangladeshis-or-saving-them/article11579488/

What Are the Hindrances in the Process of Knowledge Sharing in an Organization Essay Example

What Are the Hindrances in the Process of Knowledge Sharing in an Organization? Essay Employees disagreed that they always have time for other people to share knowledge. It is due to general lack of time to share knowledge, and time to identify colleagues in need of specific knowledge. In this fast paced world, it is difficult to cope with the circumstances so people do not have time for others. Similarly, most of the employees highly disagreed that they’re willing to devote their personal time to others even if it is within the organization. This indicates that time is a major hindrance in knowledge sharing. Besides this an individuals’ own capability to share and perceive knowledge is important. Employees agreed that if the person is capable to understand what is being delivered to him, then the knowledge would be successfully shared. They even strongly agreed that level of knowledge sharing is dependent on the capabilities an individual has. Employees showed willingness in sharing information if people approached them for some personal, administrative, financial or organizational problem, rather than offering them voluntarily. They do not share unnecessary information. They only prefer to share such information which is relevant and useful for the other person. Being a member of an organization does not require their employees to share their personal work experiences with each other. But they would put in a great deal of effort beyond what is normally expected in order to help their organization to be successful. Sometimes a hindrance in knowledge sharing occurs when you are not able to convey your message to the organization. This is because people cannot readily differentiate useful information from useless information. We will write a custom essay sample on What Are the Hindrances in the Process of Knowledge Sharing in an Organization? specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on What Are the Hindrances in the Process of Knowledge Sharing in an Organization? specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on What Are the Hindrances in the Process of Knowledge Sharing in an Organization? specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer People are averse to sharing information orally, and even more averse to sharing it in written form. It is a common observation that people share information generously peer-to-peer, but begrudgingly upwards, and sparingly downwards in organizational hierarchies. Many employees who were surveyed strongly agreed to this perception. Besides this, they prefer sharing information only with the ones whom they trust because others might misuse knowledge or take unjust credit for it. This is also because of fear that sharing may reduce or jeopardize people’s job security. Employees are hesitant in sharing knowledge with those who are more experienced or at a high organizational post. This may be because of differences in experience or educational levels, age differences, poor verbal/written communication and interpersonal skills or use of strong hierarchy, position-based status, and formal power. The existing corporate culture does not provide sufficient support for sharing practices. Mostly the communication and knowledge flows are restricted into certain directions (e. g. top-down). Internal competitiveness within business units, functional areas, and subsidiaries can be high so employees do not share their knowledge with colleagues because of fear that it may lead to their better performance. Lack of leadership and managerial direction in terms of clearly communicating the benefits and values of knowledge sharing practices restricts employees to share information freely. Scarcity of transparent rewards and recognition systems would motivate people to share more of their knowledge. Employees indicated the lack of opportunities provided for formal and informal spaces to share, reflect and generate (new) knowledge. Usually employees hesitate in sharing information with others due to risk of it being misused or misinterpreted. People can internalize information presented graphically more easily and fully than information presented as text, and understand information conveyed through stories better than information presented analytically. Information can only be useful if it is clearly understood by the recipient. Lack of social networking is another hindrance in knowledge sharing. They do not share information because of shortage of contact time and interaction between knowledge source employees and recipients.

Writing an Outline for an Informative Essay on Politics of Educational Inequality

Writing an Outline for an Informative Essay on Politics of Educational Inequality No one, not even the literary greats you admire, started writing a novel, short story or an essay without first developing an outline that will serve as a guide throughout the writing process. Although in some cases, this outline may be just a mental picture of how a story should go, this mental image still falls under the category of a writing outline. Therefore, when writing an essay, it is recommended you have an outline to serve as a ‘lighting tower’ to guide your path. Now, there are easy topics to write about as well as difficult subject matters and an essay on the politics of educational inequality definitely belongs to the latter. This is due in part to the sensitive nature of the topic as well as the racial undertones contained in the facts and figures you may include in your essay to make your points. Therefore, it is imperative that you create an outline for your take on the politics of educational inequality and this article will be dedicated to providing you with essay tips on creating an all-encompassing outline. Understand the Questions Asked Most essays are dedicated to clarifying your position on certain policies, answering questions raised or to making a point for or against the subject been discussed. Therefore, the first step to creating an outline for your essay on the politics of educational inequality is having a clear understanding of your stance on the topic to be expatiated on. Therefore, your outline should start with your understanding of the topic and this will serve as a great resource for your introductory and conclusion texts. Outline the Facts and Information to Be Shared To simplify your writing task, it is important that you fish out the information and facts that would help you intelligently make your point and include them in your rough outline according to their level of relevance. This categorization - according to relevance - will help you organize your thoughts and allow you place these facts accurately throughout the body of your essay. Outline the Basic Shape of Your Essay Creating clear cut sections for how you plan to organize the entire body of work contained in your essay provides you with a certain vision on how to proceed and conclude the project without getting bogged down in the middle with unnecessary distractions. The universally used ‘shapes’ for essays include a clear introduction, an essay body which contains all the facts, information and arguments and a good conclusion. And we advise that you also make use of this pattern when writing about the politics of educational inequalities. Simplify Your Concluding Paragraphs It is universally acknowledged that an excellent essay must contain a conclusion which helps the writer reaffirm his or her answer to the questions raised. The outline method already provides you with enough ammunition to draft a moving conclusion for your essay since all the important factors that make up a conclusion have already been previously outlined. All you need to do is use this information in a convincing manner to get the reader on your side or at least to acknowledge your points in your concluding paragraphs. Please check our 10 facts for an informative essay on education as well as 20 topics and a sample essay on the subject. The art of paper writing is a methodical one that requires extensive effort and we hope this little tips will inspire you to keep putting in the required effort to move your writing attempts from good to great.

Technological rationality and social control ( it could be revised) Term Paper

Technological rationality and social control ( it could be revised) - Term Paper Example Such, just when we thought that our fascination is a manifestation of being able to keep up with what is the latest, it is in fact became a source of our bondage – a shackle that we cannot see whom we have unknowingly and voluntarily chained ourselves to become unfree. Herbert Marcuse identified the root of our enslavement to technology in two distinct needs of which he lucidly differentiated. He identified that there are two needs of man in particular and society in general to be â€Å"true needs† and â€Å"repressive needs†. True needs are those needs that needed to be satisfied with things that we cannot live without that we â€Å"truly need† in order to live. We can call them necessity such as food, shelter and some amenities in life such as transport which is driven by technology. â€Å"Repressive needs† are those needs that we really do not need but we may actually want. The list is long because want can never be satisfied in the first place. The invention of technology used to belong in the category of â€Å"true needs† where it truly helped us to make things easier and our lives better. Its advances has civilized us and made us more productive. In gratitude, we laud these advances but overdid it to the point that we became beholden to them. Our increasing dependency towards technology propelled it to advance beyond our true needs as capitalists expanded its use to become a source of profit and control that it became â€Å"repressive needs† because it no longer serve our â€Å"true needs† but rather invented needs that are unnecessary. What used to be or could be a tool for liberation now became a source of enslavement of which we all are willing to be shackled. It is not only the capitalists who used it to enslave society because the government too had its share of using it to control society and nations. Marcuse identified the government use of technology to unfree us by using it in weapons and pr opaganda. Basically a tool of war – weapons in fighting through military hardware (weapons) and winning the heart and minds of the population through media (propaganda). It is interesting to note that Herbert Marcuse’s One Dimensional Man was published in 1964 during the height of cold war between United States and Russia yet the realities it portrayed is still relevant today especially the use of technology to control people. It may not be as direct as it used to be during the cold war where government used the technology of media to sow hatred and animosity among its citizens against its enemies but it is still present today. We can gleaned from different government advertisement such as the advertisement of Homeland Security where it always advertise the possibility of terror attack and always ask the people to report and cooperate to authorities about any untoward incident. At the onset, it may sound harmless and even helpful but if we dig in deeper on the subtleti es of its meaning, it is basically asking the people to be subservient to government by sowing fear in them about an enemy, imaginary or real and presenting itself as its protector to control them. Generally, we are also unaware of how technology is used by the government to control people through the use of weapons. We often wonder why America has enemies that hated it so much to the point of blowing themselves up such as the case of suicide bombers. Marcuse provided a perspective that It is because of the government’

The Marketing Mix and Key Stakeholder Groups for Ryanair Airline Assignment

The Marketing Mix and Key Stakeholder Groups for Ryanair Airline - Assignment Example This research will begin with the statement that in order to amplify the sustainability and reputation in this age of extreme aggressiveness, it is the stakeholders, who might present positive strategies and policies for the growth the organization. This is because, stakeholders are recognized as those individuals, in which the organization is entirely dependent over a long period of time. Moreover, varied types of internal motives and desires of these stakeholders get fulfilled due to the increase in the organizational productivity and profitability. Other than this, the stakeholders are those individuals, who get affected by the implementation of varied types of inventive activities by the organization. This section identifies the prime stakeholders of Ryanair Airline that offers significant impact and influence over organizational activities are employees, pressure groups, and shareholders. Employees: employees are considered as the internal stakeholders of an organization and pla y a very vital role in organizational improvement. This is because; it is the employees or the human resources of an organization that dedicates his or her total commitment so as to amplify his level of performance or goals. Similarly, the employees or human resources of Ryanair Airline might try to present effective attitude, behavior as well as services so as to satisfy the requirements of the customers. Only then, the reliability and trust of the customers over the hospitality of Ryanair Airlines might get enhanced that may improve the brand image and market share of the brand. Other than this, if the level of hospitality of the employees of Ryanair Airlines is extremely praise-worthy, then the range of customers might get increased that may amplify the profitability and productivity of the organization. However, in order to maintain such type of hospitality, the employees need to offer extensive training and development workshops so as to improve their communication skills and i ntelligence power. Apart from this, in order to make the employees as the most profitable assets of Ryanair, effective communication and participation system need to be implemented, at the time of developing any strategy or policy.

Associate Degree in Nursing Essay Example for Free

Associate Degree in Nursing Essay Healthcare systems and the way safe, quality health care is delivered are continually changing to better serve patients and communities. Professional nursing practice is a large component in the healthcare system today. Back in the 1960s, professional nursing leaders tried to adopt the bachelor degree programs as the only educational track to become a registered nurse (Creasia Friberg, 2011). Due to nursing shortages and demands this motive did not hold fast. Individuals entering the nursing profession today must first decide which educational pathway to take to become a Registered Nurse (RN). Although there are studies that suggest nurses with a higher level of education have better overall outcomes, there still exist different educational pathways one can take to become a registered nurse. The two most popular educational programs today are the Associate Degree in Nursing (ADN) and the Bachelor of Science in Nursing (BSN). Both programs prepare students to sit for the state’s NCLEX exam and obtain a registered nurse license. Each educational pathway poses different advantages and disadvantages. The associate level degree can be obtained in two to three years and offered through community colleges and technical schools. Because the length of the program is shorter than the BSN program, this can be viewed as an advantage, saving both time and money. ADN nurses are typically educated to be direct care providers, usually employed by hospitals and long term care facilities. The course of study includes general education and clinical nursing classes (Creasia Friberg, 2011). Technical skills are emphasized in the ADN programs, leaving little time for critical thinking skills. According to the American Association of College of Nursing (AACN), ADN nurses are better suited to work at the bedside in less complicated plans of care (Baccalaureate Degree, 2000). The associate degree nurse does possess good technical skills. The bachelor level degree can be obtained in four years by attending a college or university. Obviously, the BSN program will take more time and money over the ADN program. Although most colleges and universities offer traditional four year nursing programs, some offer accelerated programs. It will usually cost the same, however you are able to enter the nursing profession sooner. Unlike the ADN program, â€Å"the BSN nurse is better prepared to practice in all health care settings – critical care, outpatient, public health, and mental health† (Baccalaureate Degree, 2000, para. 8). In addition to the content taught in ADN programs, the humanistic BSN education encompasses more of the physical and social sciences (Impact of Education, 2011). The BSN nurse is better prepared to work more independently, therefore is well qualified to practice in healthcare systems outside of the hospital. Bachelor programs â€Å"prepare professional nurse generalists for acute care settings, community-based practice, and beginning leadership /management positions† (Creasia Friberg, 2011, p. 32). This course of study is crucial to the delivery of good, safe, quality patient care. There have been several research studies completed to see if there is a correlation between higher RN education level and better patient outcomes. Several studies concluded there is decrease in mortality rates within hospitals that employee a greater percentage of bachelor prepared nurses (Creating a More, 2011). There are several patient care situations within hospitals in which a BSN nurse would be better qualified to create and manage a patient’s plan of care. Suppose a 28 year old American Indian female was admitted for preterm labor at 32 works gestation with a history of non-compliant diabetes since age 15. Both the ADN and BSN nurse could clinically perform a thorough assessment of the patient, monitor fetal condition and uterine activity, and administer medications. This patient needs more than just acute clinical care; she needs education and resources on how to maintain a healthy lifestyle for her and for the child she will soon be raising. A BSN practitioner has extensive training in cultural, social, and economic areas and would be a much better provider of care than the ADN nurse. Both ADN and BSN nurses will usually start at the same salary in the hospital or long term care facility, the ADN nurse will be limited to career advancements and opportunities. Charge nurse positions may be available in some organizations; however any position of higher level will almost always require an advanced education. Years of experience will sometimes be of relevance for a higher level position, but ultimately, these positions go to individuals who hold a bachelors and/or masters degree. As healthcare settings and delivery of care change, more nursing positions require the Bachelors of Science degree to be hired (Baccalaureate Degree, 2000). Overall, studies and research have proven the BSN nurse to be better prepared professionally for the ever changing healthcare systems of our world today and tomorrow. There have been great strides by nursing leaders and organizations around the nation to increase the number of bachelor degree nurses from 50% to 80% by the year 2020 (Employment of New Nurse, 2011). Even though deciding which educational pathway to take now is still up to the individual, research points to the BSN program. Choosing the BSN educational pathway over the ADN not only provides a broader spectrum of education to better serve patients and communities, but also opens many doors of opportunity for growth and advancement.

Operating Systems Essays -- Essays Papers

Operating Systems Operating Systems An operating system is the program that manages all the application programs in a computer system. This also includes managing the input and output devices, and assigning system resources. Operating systems evolved as the solution to the problems that were evident in early computer systems, and coincide with the changing computer systems. Three cycles are clear in the evolution of computers, the mainframe computers, minicomputers and microcomputers, and each of these stages influenced the development of operating systems. Now, advances in software and hardware technologies have resulted in an increased demand for more sophisticated and powerful operating systems, with each new generation able to handle and perform more complex tasks. The folowing report examines the development of operating systems, and how the changing tehcnology shaped the evolution of operating systems. First Generation Computers (1945?1955) In the mid?1940's enormous machines capable of performing numerical calculations were created. The machine consisted of vacuum tubes and plugboards, and programming was done purely in machine code. Programming languages were unheard of during the early part of the period, and each machine was specifically assembled to carry out a particular calculation. These early computers had no need for an operating system and were operated directly from the operator's console by a computer programmer, who had immediate knowledge of the computers design. By the early 1950's punched cards were introduced, allowing programs to be written and read directly from the card, instead of using plugboards. Second Generation Computers (1955?1965) In the mid?1950's, the transistor was introduced, creating a more reliable computer. Computers were used primarily for scientific and engineering calculations and were programmed mainly in FORTRAN and assembly language. As computers became more reliable they also became more business orientated, although they were still very large and expensive. Because of the expenditure, the productiveness of the system had to be magnified as to ensure cost effectiveness. Job scheduling and the hiring of computer operators, ensured that the computer was used effectively and crucial time was not wasted. Loading the compliers was a time consuming process as each complier was k... ...or personal computers. Modern Operating Systems The past 9 years have seen many advances in computers and their operating systems. Processors continue to increase in speed, each requiring an operating system to handle the new developments. Microsoft Corporation has dominated the IBM compatible world, Windows being the standard operating system for majority of personal computers. Now as computing and information technology becomes more towards the Internet and virtual computing, so too must the operating systems. In 1992, Microsoft for Workgroups 3.1 was introduced, extending on from the previous versions. It allowed the sending of electronic mail, and provided advanced networking capabilities to be used as a client on an existing local area network. This was only the one stage in the vast evolution of the worlds most popular operating system, with the most recent being Windows NT and Windows 98, the latter being a fully Internet integrated operating system. Windows, however is not the only operating system in use today. Other's such as UNIX, Apple Operating System and OS/Warp have also had an impact, each new version more advanced, and more user friendly then the last. Operating Systems Essays -- Essays Papers Operating Systems Operating Systems An operating system is the program that manages all the application programs in a computer system. This also includes managing the input and output devices, and assigning system resources. Operating systems evolved as the solution to the problems that were evident in early computer systems, and coincide with the changing computer systems. Three cycles are clear in the evolution of computers, the mainframe computers, minicomputers and microcomputers, and each of these stages influenced the development of operating systems. Now, advances in software and hardware technologies have resulted in an increased demand for more sophisticated and powerful operating systems, with each new generation able to handle and perform more complex tasks. The folowing report examines the development of operating systems, and how the changing tehcnology shaped the evolution of operating systems. First Generation Computers (1945?1955) In the mid?1940's enormous machines capable of performing numerical calculations were created. The machine consisted of vacuum tubes and plugboards, and programming was done purely in machine code. Programming languages were unheard of during the early part of the period, and each machine was specifically assembled to carry out a particular calculation. These early computers had no need for an operating system and were operated directly from the operator's console by a computer programmer, who had immediate knowledge of the computers design. By the early 1950's punched cards were introduced, allowing programs to be written and read directly from the card, instead of using plugboards. Second Generation Computers (1955?1965) In the mid?1950's, the transistor was introduced, creating a more reliable computer. Computers were used primarily for scientific and engineering calculations and were programmed mainly in FORTRAN and assembly language. As computers became more reliable they also became more business orientated, although they were still very large and expensive. Because of the expenditure, the productiveness of the system had to be magnified as to ensure cost effectiveness. Job scheduling and the hiring of computer operators, ensured that the computer was used effectively and crucial time was not wasted. Loading the compliers was a time consuming process as each complier was k... ...or personal computers. Modern Operating Systems The past 9 years have seen many advances in computers and their operating systems. Processors continue to increase in speed, each requiring an operating system to handle the new developments. Microsoft Corporation has dominated the IBM compatible world, Windows being the standard operating system for majority of personal computers. Now as computing and information technology becomes more towards the Internet and virtual computing, so too must the operating systems. In 1992, Microsoft for Workgroups 3.1 was introduced, extending on from the previous versions. It allowed the sending of electronic mail, and provided advanced networking capabilities to be used as a client on an existing local area network. This was only the one stage in the vast evolution of the worlds most popular operating system, with the most recent being Windows NT and Windows 98, the latter being a fully Internet integrated operating system. Windows, however is not the only operating system in use today. Other's such as UNIX, Apple Operating System and OS/Warp have also had an impact, each new version more advanced, and more user friendly then the last.

Leadership -Its Importance for Today’s Organization

Managing a flourishing business or strengthening the health of an already reputable business needs fit, continuing leadership and management, marketing and financial management, and planning, product and service development. (Barbara Kellerman, Jeffrey Z. Rubin, 1988) Definition of â€Å"Leadership† and Differences with Respect to â€Å"Management† Leading is influencing someone in some means. The majority people will have the same opinion on at least this much of some perfect definition for the term. There are several, further aspects to this statement that could be explored; however this simple definition may be sufficient to go forward. (Robert A. Corrigan, 2002) A â€Å"leader† is a name who is leading — maybe. A number of writers make use of the term â€Å"leader† as based on the formal role in an organization. Other writers talk about a â€Å"leader† as someone who is showing character of leading. Though, many writers would oppose that a CEO is always a leader. For instance, if an organization is floundering badly with little or no direction, possibly the CEO is not efficiently leading the organization and, consequently, is in fact not a leader. It is bsed on one's use of the word â€Å"leader†. Nearly everyone would have the same opinion that the term â€Å"Leadership† refers to the capability to lead. Many writers use the word â€Å"leadership† to refer to a person who shows traits of leading. Though, many writers as well use the term to denote the executive level of an organization. Conventionally the term â€Å"management† is portrayed as the functions of planning, organizing, leading as well as controlling activities in an organization. â€Å"Managing† is elucidated as carrying out these activities. Courses in management frequently teach from this point of view. Some writers pursue this view and think that the activity of leading is however one facet of management. Other writers differ and state that â€Å"managing† is planning, organizing and controlling and that â€Å"leading† is a definitely separate activity that first and foremost involves influencing people. An old saying that follows from this last view is â€Å"Leaders do the right things. Managers do things right†. One more saying is â€Å"Leaders lead people, managers manage things†. Other writers would even oppose with this view, still. They would emphasize that, even though a person happens to be carrying out activities that persuade others, if he or she does not hold an official role in the organization with the designation of â€Å"manager†, then he or she is not a â€Å"leader†. Leading is an extremely human activity. All of us are human. Consequently the majority of us can present a lot of advice regarding what a good leader should do. We want them to change themselves and their organizations, at the same time making sure that all of us have jobs. We put forward that leaders construct teams, yet focus on employees. They must develop clarity, yet embrace change and confusion. In the meantime, certainly, no matter how much a person thinks that leading is separate from managing, every leader has to operate within definite budget limit. Executive-level leaders hear from board members and others in the organization that the top precedence is strong financial management. The effort to take risks at the same time as managing cash flow can be devastating. As a result, it can turn out to be quite confusing for these leaders to glean a consistent message from all of the continuing advice. (The Washington Times, 2005). The Importance of Leadership to Effective Strategy Development and Implementation Strategic planning finds out where an organization is going over the next year or more, how it is going to get there also how it'll know if it got there or not. The focus of a strategic plan is generally on the whole organization. They find out direction. They move organizations from where they are to where they have to be. Leaders make things come about. They form the culture. They make use of the management tools. Leaders are ground-breaking. They face truth and rally appropriate resources. They give confidence others to do the same. (Gilbert W. Fairholm, 1998) Employee Perceptions of What Constitutes Effective Leadership Note: Great question for survey It is a tough job to run a group of people where authority has to be earned. Only some people do it effectively, for the reason that it demands an unusual amalgamation of attributes. A belief in oneself is the merely thing that gives an individual the poise to step into the unknown and to influence others to go where no one has gone before, however this has to be combined with a well-mannered doubt, the humbleness to accept that one can be mistaken on occasion, that others as well have ideas, that listening is as vital as talking. A fervor for the job offers the energy and focus that drive the organization and that act as an instance to others, however this as well has to be combined with its opposite, an awareness of other worlds, for the reason that focus can turn to blinkers, an incapability to think beyond one's own box. Great leaders manage time to read, to convene people beyond their own circle, to walk in other worlds. The leader should have a love of people, as in a community of individuals, those who discover individuals a pain and an irritation may be respected or feared, however they will not be keenly followed. (Nelson Fabian, 2004)  Thus far this attribute, too, needs its opposite, a capability for aloneness, for the reason that leaders have to be out front. It is not always probable to share one's uncertainties with anyone else. Only some will thank the leader when things go right, however several will blame the leader if things go wrong. Great leaders have to walk alone now and then. They as well have to live vicariously, obtaining their satisfaction from the victories of others and giving those others the gratitude that they themselves are often denied. Living with these inconsistencies needs great strength of character. It as well needs a belief in what one is doing. Money only will not be sufficient to offer the reason to live with these contradictions. Even a love of power is inadequate, as power irons out the contradictions somewhat than holding them in balance. Great leaders are raised from great causes, however leaders at their best, too raised great causes. Unhappily, for want of a cause, we also frequently create a crisis, which is not the similar thing at all. Until and unless business makes a cause bigger and more espousal than enhancement of the shareholders, it will have only some great leaders. We are more probable to find them in the nonprofit ground. If that is so, in that case that sector may yet turn out to be the training ground for business and conceivably even for politics. (Kathleen Zimmerman-Oster, John C. Burkhardt, 1999) Characteristics of Effective Leaders Introduced with humor and humility, and characteristically tending to treat individuals in their organizations in the same way, with no smiling up as well as kicking down. Self-aware, and sincere with themselves as to their own strengths, weaknesses, and honest hard work to improve. Curious and friendly enough in order that others feel safe offering honest comment and innovative ideas. Unprejudiced and capable of esteeming their competitors or adversaries also learning from them, in both leadership circumstances and general business conditions. Action leaning which surfaces not as a wish to move for movement's sake however to move straightforwardly toward a clear objective with a persistent follow-through. Leaders who can flash the mind's eye with a convincing vision of a valuable end that stretches us beyond what is known at present, and who can interpret that to clear objectives, are the ones we go after. Flourishing business leaders build up goals to attain their vision. Their promise to the goals, and consequently to the vision, is made clear by both their actions as well as their frequent communication of what have to be done, and why. With apparent objectives in mind, the issue then turns out to be what a leader will do, how he or she will act at the same time as working with and through people in chase of the end goal. Even though leaders have to become accustomed to a specific and ever-changing set of circumstances, the most successful leaders show a common set of behaviors. Leaders share one more attribute that is vital for success: self-confidence. Sharply differentiated from arrogance or self-centeredness, a healthy level of self-confidence allows the leader to carry out the difficult ventures essential to meet his or her objectives. (Joy Bennett Kinnon, 2005) How Can One Develop Leadership Skills Required for Today's Rapidly Changing Environment? Leadership development is an attempt that improves the learner's capability to lead people. Leading is setting path and directing others to pursue that direction. The first place to start learning regarding leadership is to get some sense of what leadership is — particularly, know get an impression of the areas of knowledge as well as skills suggested for efficient leadership in organizations. In fact effective leaders in the years ahead will have persons resolute by strong values and conviction in the capacity of individuals to grow. They will have a picture of the society where they would like their organizations plus themselves to live. They will be creative thinker, they will believe sturdily that they can and must be shaping the future, and they will be active on that viewpoint through their personal behavior. In the future the genuine center competence of companies will be the capability to incessantly and imaginatively obliterate and remake them to meet customer demands. Everybody in the organization have to take accountability for taking responsive actions. This means that a company requests leadership all over the place in the organization. Thus leadership is the capability to see reality as it actually is and to mobilize the suitable response. Summary All of the different suggestions regarding good leadership can sound very tempting, for example; to have clear vision, embrace transform, lead from doctrine, be a servant to your people, nurture community, focus on the future, and all that. (Anthony B. Robinson, 1999) Conclusion We live and work in a enthralling, however fearful time. Augmented competition is forcing organizations to put into practice customer-driven strategies where industry-driven policies worked before. To be more adjustable, organizations are decentralizing. Organizations are changing, reinventing as well as reengineering. Consequently, there is frequently a great deal of pain in organizations. References: Anthony B. Robinson, 1999. Leadership That Matters; The Christian Century, Vol. 116, December 15 Barbara Kellerman, Jeffrey Z. Rubin, 1988. Leadership and Negotiation in the Middle East; Praeger Publishers Gilbert W. Fairholm, 1998. Perspectives on Leadership: From the Science of Management to Its Spiritual Heart; Quorum Books Joy Bennett Kinnon, 2005. What's Behind the Biggest Upheaval Ever in Black Leadership? Magazine article; Ebony, Vol. 60, April Kathleen Zimmerman-Oster, John C. Burkhardt, 1999. Leadership in the Making: A Comprehensive Examination of the Impact of Leadership Development Programs on Students; Journal of Leadership Studies Nelson Fabian, 2004. Leadership-What Is It and Are You Headed for It?; Journal of Environmental Health, Vol. 67 Robert A. Corrigan, 2002. Presidential Leadership: Moral Leadership in the New Millennium; Liberal Education, Vol. 88 The Washington Times, 2005. What Ails FEMA? Lack of Effective Leadership Newspaper article; September 13

Leadership and Management Skills of Adolf Hitler Free Essay Example, 2000 words

This paper illustrates that when purging the interior of politics, Hitler brought all economics into the control of the nation, so as to conform to the need of politics. Compulsory production was more helpful to arms expansion and war preparation. Consequently, Hitler started to implement his plan. In late September of 1934, Hitler issued a secret command of rearmament. By 1935, this order was made public: the national defense forces were expanded from 100000 to 300000. This action strongly went against Treaty of Versailles, which caused strong reactions of western countries. French, Great Britain, and Italy all lodged their protest, and they also reached to a treaty of jointed defense. However, these measures only stayed on paper and were never implemented. Instead, they intrigued against each other secretly and acted very over-cautiously. Especially, Great Britain even went back on his word and signed a navy agreement with Germany. This was also the beginning of UK s policy of app easement. In the November of 1936, Germany and Japan concluded the Anti-communism Pact. In September 1937, Italy joined this pact. As for this, Germany, Italy, and Japan formed the Fascist group and the three-axis counties were ready. We will write a custom essay sample on Leadership and Management Skills of Adolf Hitler or any topic specifically for you Only $17.96 $11.86/page However, after 1942, allied armies started to fight back, and German Forces were losing ground gradually. In 1945, Germany was completed defeated. Yet, Hitler s whereabouts had hereby become an unsolved mystery in history.