Study Of Month Effects On Stock Returns - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 6 Words: 1847 Downloads: 9 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Finance Essay Type Research paper Did you like this example? According to the well known efficient market hypothesis, the stock prices in the future cannot be predicted from the historical trends in the stock prices. The market price of a particular day depends upon the demand and supply on that particular day and has no dependency on the historical data. It states that the market is efficient and no one can take abnormal profits because there are no trends in the stock prices and they cannot be forecasted. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Study Of Month Effects On Stock Returns" essay for you Create order But in the recent researches that have been made in the stock indexes all around the world have given evidences of anomalies seen in the stock indexes and returns that clearly negate the efficient market hypothesis. These anomalies or the trends are called as the Calendar effects. There are many calendar effects that have been detected in the various stock exchanges; the most widely known and searched are January effect, December effect, September effect, Monday effect. And there are others also that depend upon the country that is under study for example the Halloween effect in US stock market and Xmas effect in the English stock markets and Ramadan effect in the Islamic countries are well known. It is interesting fact that even though a lot of research has been conducted on these calendar effects and they have shown a lot of evidence in the stock markets all around the world, even now this has not been honored as a part of the literature. Mainly because if these calendar effe cts are studied over a larger scale of data, they fall weak in their significance. And gave an impression that these are not a reality but a mere illusion of the data or data mining. We in our paper have tried to study if there are any anomalies in the Karachi Stock Exchange. A larger data sample is taken so that the effect of the data mining would be decreased. And other tests would also be run to check the validity of the data and minimize the corruption of data mining. This study would be helpful for the investors in the country and abroad in making the right decisions for gaining profits. The study would also be helpful for the researchers all around the world in understanding more clearly this illusion of calendar effects, better, because Karachi Stock Exchange is the one that has been least studied in this context. Finally it would be helpful for the Karachi Stock Exchange itself, we believe, in drawing the attention of the researchers towards it and giving a positive im age in the research world. LITERATURE REVIEW To see the calendar affects and their historical existence, we will have to go back till Fama (1960) introduced the term called as the efficient market hypothesis, according to which the stock markets shows a random walk behavior and that the stock prices are not affected by the historical patterns in the stock market or in other words, the stock prices cannot be predicted. Also the theory stated that there is a uniformity of information in the market. And everyone trading in the market has the same information available to him and because of this uniformity in the stock information; no investor can take the abnormal profits. Various studies and researches were then performed to study the existence of this efficient market hypothesis. But some results were found that were totally contradictory to the efficient market hypothesis and its random walk behavior. Angel Berges, John J. McConnell, and Gary G. Schlarbaum (1984) found out that January effect was visible in the Canadian stock exchange and that the January stock returns were higher than every other month of the year ranging on a data period of 29 years from 1951-1980. These researches gave rise to other researches being conducted on January effect and finding out if there were any other anomalies in the stock exchanges as well. Lakonishok, J., Smidt, S. (1988) studied the Dow Jones over a period of 90 years data and found out significant abnormalities in the stock prices, the most obvious the Monday effect, at the end of the month, at the end of the year and the holiday effect. Having searched on this large scale data of 90 years considering these anomalies due to mere luck is not likely. The research then spreading to the other countries showed the presence of these anomalies in them as well. Anup and Kishore Tandon (1994) conducted a research on five seasonal patterns in the stock markets of eighteen countries. End of the month anomaly was seen in many countries. The large January returns are also seen in most countries. Apart from that Boudreaux (1995) also conducted research on stock markets of seven countries to find out significant positive monthly effects in Australia and Canada, while negative monthly effect in Japanà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s market. P Hansen  (2003) conducted research on 27 stock indices from 10 countries, Denmark, France, Germany, Hong Kong, Italy, Japan, Norway, Sweden, UK, and USA and found 17 possible calendar effects containing 12 month-of-the-year and the 5 day-of-the-week effects. Grimbacher, Swinkels and van Vliet (2010) used a sample from 1963-08 find the Halloween and the turn of the month effects as the most significant of all anomalies and the January effect to be the weakest. These anomalies in the stock exchanges have shown varying results in different countries. For example Bin Li, Benjamin Liu (2010) performed the research in New Zealand Stock Exchange found out significant positive results in June and negative results in August , an anomaly that is not to be seen in UK stock exchanges. Also there was a very less significant January and April effects, present in just two industries indices in the sector. Also there has been a lot of controversy regarding the acceptance of these calendar anomalies as realistic or just because of a mere chance or because of the data mining. Jacobsen, Zhang (2010) used a wide scale data of 317 years of UK stock exchange to verify if these calendar effects were real or just by mere chance. The results also proved the existence of the calendar anomalies. And also shows a change in these anomalies along the time. Pre 1850 there was a December present in the market that changed into the famous January effect afterwards. Underperformance of the stock in the months of July and October is also evident in the data. So there has been a research in the stock exchanges all around the globe and they have found anomalies in the stock exchange returns, despite of the fact that they mi ght have been seen because of the data mining factor. A recent attention has also been given to the Karachi Stock Exchange as well to study if there exists any anomaly in KSE. F Husain (1998) took 36 individual stocks, 8 sector indices, and the general market index, covering the period from January 1, 1989 to December 30, 1993 to study if there was any Ramadan effect in the stock market and found out that although stock returns decline in the month of Ramadan, the reduction, in general, is not significant. There is strong evidence of a significant decline in the volatility of stock returns in this month. S Ali (2009) went to research with a bigger scale data of the KSE comprising closing daily, weekly and monthly data of the KSE 100 index for period starting November 1991 to October 2006. The results again showed neither monthly calendar effects nor days of the week effects. Positive average returns were witnessed in the first and second week while the third and fourth week sh owed average negative returns. There are no monthly calendar effects in the market either. DATA METHADOLOGY We have used the daily Karachi Stock Index ranging across a period of five years from January 2006 to December 2010.The close of day Rt is computed from KSE 100 index as follows: Rt =ln (It/I t-1) Rt is the daily return on KSE100 index on day t. It and I t-1 are closing values of the month respectively. To investigate the calendar effect we estimate the following regression equation: Rt =ÃŽÂ ²1Jt+ ÃŽÂ ²2Ft+ ÃŽÂ ²3MRt+ ÃŽÂ ²4APt+ ÃŽÂ ²5MYt+ ÃŽÂ ²6JNt+ ÃŽÂ ²7JLt+ ÃŽÂ ²8AUt+ ÃŽÂ ²9St+ ÃŽÂ ²10Ot+ ÃŽÂ ²11Nt +ÃŽÂ ²12Dt+à ¡Ã‚ ½Ã‚ ²t Where Rt is the daily returns and Jt, Ft, MRt, APt, MYt, JNt, JLt, AUt, St, Ot, Nt Dt are dummy variables for January, February, March, April, May, June, July, August, September, October, November, December respectively. If it is January than J=1 and à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“0à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? for all other days of the year, if it is February then F=1 and F= 0 for all other days of the year and so forth, à ¡Ã‚ ½Ã‚ ² is a ra ndom term. B1 à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" B12 are co-efficient to be estimated using OLS. Empirical Results We conducted study to investigate the Calendar effect in Karachi stock exchange. We calculate monthly market returns for each month of the year, by using KSE-100 index daily data. Descriptive Statistics: Table- 1 Descriptive Statistics months Minimum Maximum Sum Mean Std. Deviation Variance Skewness Kurtosis Statistic Statistic Statistic Statistic Statistic Statistic Statistic Std. Error Statistic January -5.2785 4.7051 13.2874 .119706 1.4792473 2.188 -.789 .229 3.671 February -5.1349 4.1101 20.7684 .205628 1.3439130 1.806 -.354 .240 2.518 March -4.5007 5.3012 25.6476 .231059 1.5719945 2.471 .052 .229 1.590 April -3.9478 4.3185 15.3018 .143008 1.3536062 1.832 -.080 .234 2.408 May -4.6204 3.5514 -42.1196 -.382905 1.5753882 2.482 -.582 .230 .389 June -6.0418 8.2547 11.8456 .109681 2.1339432 4.554 .218 .233 2.150 July -4.5345 3.8806 5.1754 .046625 1.5524969 2.410 -.554 .229 1.439 August -3.9848 4.3948 -25.1996 -.229087 1.7060419 2.911 - .140 .230 .129 September -2.6705 2.9424 22.4747 .210044 .9636335 .929 .453 .234 .955 October -4.4355 2.8350 18.1200 .163244 1.0256923 1.052 -.889 .229 4.644 November -4.6738 2.7165 -2.3470 -.021934 1.1849094 1.404 -.775 .234 2.411 December -4.8184 2.6518 -41.2052 -.371218 1.5305945 2.343 -1.303 .229 1.285 By descriptive statistics we noted that mean return of the March is higher than the rest of the months. The mean return on March is 0.231059 whereas the mean returns of the rest of the months is an average of -0.018596. The higher mean return shows that there is March effect in Karachi stock exchange. Table- 2 Regression Analysis Model Unstandardized Coefficients Standardized Coefficients T B Std.Error Beta B (Constant) .047 .141 .331 Jan .073 .199 .014 .367 Feb .159 .204 .028 .779 Mar .184 .199 .034 .926 Apr .096 .201 .018 .479 May -.430 .200 -.080 -2.151 Jun .063 .201 .012 .314 July .033 .148 .006 .221 Aug -.276 .200 -.051 -1.381 Sep .163 .201 .030 .813 Oct .117 .199 .022 .585 Nov -.069 .201 -.013 -.341 Dec -.418 .199 -.078 -2.097 Regression results and related statistics are presented in table 2 and ANOVA test results are presented in table 3 Table- 3 ANOVA Model Sum of Squares Df Mean Square F Sig. 1 Regression 60.081 11 5.462 2.480 .004(a) Residual 2848.185 1293 2.203 Total 2908.265 1304 The results show that there is March effect in Pakistani stock market. The t value for the month of March is 0.926 which indicates a greater impact on the Rt. ANOVA suggest that the model is significant with F significance 0.004. Which indicate the fitness of the model. CONCLUSION In this study we have examined daily returns of KSE-100 Index, from the period starting 2006 till end of 2010, with a purpose to find out if there exist any monthly anomalies in the returns. In Karachi Stock Exchange, trading occurs five days a week (Monday, Tuesday, Wednesday, Thursday and Friday) throughout the year. The Efficient Market Hypothesis explains that there are constant market returns for the whole year. Empirical results of this study indicate that there is a significant March effect in Karachi Stock market. And this is proven by both the regression results and the descriptive statistics that are highest for the month of March than any other month of the year. March Returns are more volatile compared to other months of the year. So the results have concluded that in the recent five years, there has existed a month effect in Karachi stock market which is the March Effect. And thus the Efficient Market Hypothesis is violated in KSE.

Argentina Crisis Related to Greeces Case - 2681 Words

BANKING PAPER REQUIEREMENTS My paper will discusses about the link between both crisis in Greece and Argentina, what we have learnt since this crisis and what are the common mistakes committed by both. Economic environment â€Å"Eleven years after the financial crisis of 2001, which led to the largest default in history (75 billion Euros), Argentina has reimbursed, the August 3, the last holders of securities issued during the freezing of assets, called corralito (small enclosure). The final explosion occurs when the Minister of Economy Domingo Cavallo announced on 1 December 2001, before the flight of capital and the liquidity crisis, the implementation of corralito, limiting bank withdrawals to 250 pesos a week†¦show more content†¦Depositors start to withdraw their bank deposits, raising fears of a liquidity crisis for many financial institutions. People of Argentina didn’t trust about the system, making a liquidity crisis due to the higher amount of withdrawals especially caused by a lack of confidence or unexpected need for cash, the crisis of confidence in general lead to a liquidity crisis. Banking system was trapped in a vicious cycle of untrustworthiness, impacts were symptomatic as quoting â€Å"you could see customers queuing to withdraw their savings, liquidating their bank accounts frantically and when people began to understand that they could probably not recover fully their savings that people began fights and that we understand the effects of the crisis†. A system risks has spread into the system and contagion has becoming effective quickly due to the fall of confidence of people and the incapacity to bank to pay back people. In addition, the Argentinean banks are interconnected and shared risks and when the first one declare bankruptcy, the assets contained in the banks found themselves insolvent, and thus risked bankruptcy and the generalized bankruptcy of the system. Recession causes strikes and decrease of public income, which has as its corollary the increase in public debt, and the fact that they must pay back the debt in peso, due to his withdrawal ofShow MoreRelatedGreece Case Analysis816 Words   |  4 Pagesoccurred in the fourth century. To top it all off, Greece has spent ninety years which is almost half of the time since it’s independence in a financial crisis? This all leads up to the longheld debate between many citizens of this country and many others that may possibly be affected by this tough decision. At the peak of Greece’s financial crisis, (as of 2016) over 314 billion euros in debt, many are fighting over whether or not they should return back to their original, national currency, otherwiseRead MoreThe Comparative Advantage of Greece in the Era of Recession4221 Words   |  17 PagesHeckscher-Ohlin. Furthermore we analyze the current situation of the country, Greece’s economic structure and its trade pe rformance, mainly the exports. In addition we identify the elements of the Greek competitiveness and the results of the fiscal consolidation that Greece is undergoing. Having analyzed the definition of the comparative advantage and the data concerning Greece’s reforms we proceed in identifying Greece’s comparative advantage mainly in four different sectors. Firstly we identify theRead MoreNation Branding-Best Practices Through Sports, Laws and Science7411 Words   |  30 Pagesexamples where countries like Denmark did an exceptional work with branding by Sports. Denmark brands itself with sports There are 99 ways to skin a cat, and some more to brand a nation. Sports is just another one to do so. A specific country, in this case, Denmark, is including sports and sports events within its nation branding agenda. â€Å"Sports events today are much more than a sports competition. They are an experience for the athletes and participants – and for the tv-viewers at home. They areRead MoreWine Consumption Essay examples6888 Words   |  28 Pageswith 70 acres of vines, with the ability to produce a variety of wine styles. Eddy and Frank are backed by an experienced team, with 50 employees in total. The winery currently produces 500,000 cases per year, but has the capacity to expand considerably. In Australia they sell for an average of $15 per bottle. 1-d. Product/s of the organisation under consideration for entry into an international market Australias

Academic Writing for Globe and Mail- myassignmenthelp.com

Question: Write about theAcademic Writing for Globe and Mail. Answer: Introduction Saunders, Doug, is your wardrobe killing Bangladeshis, or saving them? The main argument of the article is to highlight the issue of buying clothes from the retailers that are selling clothes manufactured in countries like Bangladesh. A garment factory located in the outskirts of Bangladesh was not in a good condition because the factory building developed cracks. The factory owners received the warnings, still the owners turned deaf ear. When the disaster struck, it has led to a horrendous accident and the death toll increased to 300 people. The building was an 8 storey and the collapse has led to the killing of the several women that were sewing in the factory. The clothes that the factory workers were sewing were for the North American and European customers that were made for the companies like the grocery giant Loblaw Cos. Ltd and Joe Fresh (The Globe and Mail, 2018). Major strengths- the article does not fail to highlight the issues of worker related plight in the third world countries. The workers are deprived of a proper working environment and thus faces the worst accidents due to the negligence of the owners. Thesis statement- The third world countries are the most feasible place for using the cheap labour and this is turn has led to the increase in the reduced standard of living in the countries like Bangladesh. Major points- In the year 1911, a fire accident occurred in Triangle Shirtwaist Factory and it led to the death of the 146 Italian and Jewish immigrants that were under the age of 18. Due to the ignorance of the factory owners of the factory, the workers either plunged to death or got roasted. Such a similar incident also occurred in the outskirts of Dhaka, Bangladesh. This factory has developed cracks and fractures which was ignored by the factory owners. 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The third world countries are the under-developed countries and thus, such countries have poor health index, life expectancy and standards of living is comparatively poor with respect to the other developing nations. The high density of people per square kilometre has led to the poor living condition. The governments in such countries especially do not exercise enough power to properly govern the country. This renders the common citizens with less hope to prosper and reduced grievance redressal. The condition in Bangladesh is however is changing and it has actually led to many people to move to the cities where there is a high number of conglomerate of factories. The people that are getting jobs due to the external offer by the garment giants provides an immense opportunity for the Bangladeshi people, to improve their standard of living and has also led to improved women status and condition. The garment boom in the western countries has led to the reduction of poverty in the Eastern countries. The wages provided by these garment giants provide more wages in comparison to the casual labour and subsistence farming. These garment giants have taken extra caution in the development of the workplace safety and standards. Reference The Globe and Mail. (2018). Is your wardrobe killing Bangladeshis, or saving them?. The Globe and Mail. Retrieved 20 April 2018, from https://www.theglobeandmail.com/opinion/is-your-wardrobe-killing-bangladeshis-or-saving-them/article11579488/

What Are the Hindrances in the Process of Knowledge Sharing in an Organization Essay Example

What Are the Hindrances in the Process of Knowledge Sharing in an Organization? Essay Employees disagreed that they always have time for other people to share knowledge. It is due to general lack of time to share knowledge, and time to identify colleagues in need of specific knowledge. In this fast paced world, it is difficult to cope with the circumstances so people do not have time for others. Similarly, most of the employees highly disagreed that they’re willing to devote their personal time to others even if it is within the organization. This indicates that time is a major hindrance in knowledge sharing. Besides this an individuals’ own capability to share and perceive knowledge is important. Employees agreed that if the person is capable to understand what is being delivered to him, then the knowledge would be successfully shared. They even strongly agreed that level of knowledge sharing is dependent on the capabilities an individual has. Employees showed willingness in sharing information if people approached them for some personal, administrative, financial or organizational problem, rather than offering them voluntarily. They do not share unnecessary information. They only prefer to share such information which is relevant and useful for the other person. Being a member of an organization does not require their employees to share their personal work experiences with each other. But they would put in a great deal of effort beyond what is normally expected in order to help their organization to be successful. Sometimes a hindrance in knowledge sharing occurs when you are not able to convey your message to the organization. This is because people cannot readily differentiate useful information from useless information. We will write a custom essay sample on What Are the Hindrances in the Process of Knowledge Sharing in an Organization? specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on What Are the Hindrances in the Process of Knowledge Sharing in an Organization? specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on What Are the Hindrances in the Process of Knowledge Sharing in an Organization? specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer People are averse to sharing information orally, and even more averse to sharing it in written form. It is a common observation that people share information generously peer-to-peer, but begrudgingly upwards, and sparingly downwards in organizational hierarchies. Many employees who were surveyed strongly agreed to this perception. Besides this, they prefer sharing information only with the ones whom they trust because others might misuse knowledge or take unjust credit for it. This is also because of fear that sharing may reduce or jeopardize people’s job security. Employees are hesitant in sharing knowledge with those who are more experienced or at a high organizational post. This may be because of differences in experience or educational levels, age differences, poor verbal/written communication and interpersonal skills or use of strong hierarchy, position-based status, and formal power. The existing corporate culture does not provide sufficient support for sharing practices. Mostly the communication and knowledge flows are restricted into certain directions (e. g. top-down). Internal competitiveness within business units, functional areas, and subsidiaries can be high so employees do not share their knowledge with colleagues because of fear that it may lead to their better performance. Lack of leadership and managerial direction in terms of clearly communicating the benefits and values of knowledge sharing practices restricts employees to share information freely. Scarcity of transparent rewards and recognition systems would motivate people to share more of their knowledge. Employees indicated the lack of opportunities provided for formal and informal spaces to share, reflect and generate (new) knowledge. Usually employees hesitate in sharing information with others due to risk of it being misused or misinterpreted. People can internalize information presented graphically more easily and fully than information presented as text, and understand information conveyed through stories better than information presented analytically. Information can only be useful if it is clearly understood by the recipient. Lack of social networking is another hindrance in knowledge sharing. They do not share information because of shortage of contact time and interaction between knowledge source employees and recipients.

Writing an Outline for an Informative Essay on Politics of Educational Inequality

Writing an Outline for an Informative Essay on Politics of Educational Inequality No one, not even the literary greats you admire, started writing a novel, short story or an essay without first developing an outline that will serve as a guide throughout the writing process. Although in some cases, this outline may be just a mental picture of how a story should go, this mental image still falls under the category of a writing outline. Therefore, when writing an essay, it is recommended you have an outline to serve as a ‘lighting tower’ to guide your path. Now, there are easy topics to write about as well as difficult subject matters and an essay on the politics of educational inequality definitely belongs to the latter. This is due in part to the sensitive nature of the topic as well as the racial undertones contained in the facts and figures you may include in your essay to make your points. Therefore, it is imperative that you create an outline for your take on the politics of educational inequality and this article will be dedicated to providing you with essay tips on creating an all-encompassing outline. Understand the Questions Asked Most essays are dedicated to clarifying your position on certain policies, answering questions raised or to making a point for or against the subject been discussed. Therefore, the first step to creating an outline for your essay on the politics of educational inequality is having a clear understanding of your stance on the topic to be expatiated on. Therefore, your outline should start with your understanding of the topic and this will serve as a great resource for your introductory and conclusion texts. Outline the Facts and Information to Be Shared To simplify your writing task, it is important that you fish out the information and facts that would help you intelligently make your point and include them in your rough outline according to their level of relevance. This categorization - according to relevance - will help you organize your thoughts and allow you place these facts accurately throughout the body of your essay. Outline the Basic Shape of Your Essay Creating clear cut sections for how you plan to organize the entire body of work contained in your essay provides you with a certain vision on how to proceed and conclude the project without getting bogged down in the middle with unnecessary distractions. The universally used ‘shapes’ for essays include a clear introduction, an essay body which contains all the facts, information and arguments and a good conclusion. And we advise that you also make use of this pattern when writing about the politics of educational inequalities. Simplify Your Concluding Paragraphs It is universally acknowledged that an excellent essay must contain a conclusion which helps the writer reaffirm his or her answer to the questions raised. The outline method already provides you with enough ammunition to draft a moving conclusion for your essay since all the important factors that make up a conclusion have already been previously outlined. All you need to do is use this information in a convincing manner to get the reader on your side or at least to acknowledge your points in your concluding paragraphs. Please check our 10 facts for an informative essay on education as well as 20 topics and a sample essay on the subject. The art of paper writing is a methodical one that requires extensive effort and we hope this little tips will inspire you to keep putting in the required effort to move your writing attempts from good to great.

Technological rationality and social control ( it could be revised) Term Paper

Technological rationality and social control ( it could be revised) - Term Paper Example Such, just when we thought that our fascination is a manifestation of being able to keep up with what is the latest, it is in fact became a source of our bondage – a shackle that we cannot see whom we have unknowingly and voluntarily chained ourselves to become unfree. Herbert Marcuse identified the root of our enslavement to technology in two distinct needs of which he lucidly differentiated. He identified that there are two needs of man in particular and society in general to be â€Å"true needs† and â€Å"repressive needs†. True needs are those needs that needed to be satisfied with things that we cannot live without that we â€Å"truly need† in order to live. We can call them necessity such as food, shelter and some amenities in life such as transport which is driven by technology. â€Å"Repressive needs† are those needs that we really do not need but we may actually want. The list is long because want can never be satisfied in the first place. The invention of technology used to belong in the category of â€Å"true needs† where it truly helped us to make things easier and our lives better. Its advances has civilized us and made us more productive. In gratitude, we laud these advances but overdid it to the point that we became beholden to them. Our increasing dependency towards technology propelled it to advance beyond our true needs as capitalists expanded its use to become a source of profit and control that it became â€Å"repressive needs† because it no longer serve our â€Å"true needs† but rather invented needs that are unnecessary. What used to be or could be a tool for liberation now became a source of enslavement of which we all are willing to be shackled. It is not only the capitalists who used it to enslave society because the government too had its share of using it to control society and nations. Marcuse identified the government use of technology to unfree us by using it in weapons and pr opaganda. Basically a tool of war – weapons in fighting through military hardware (weapons) and winning the heart and minds of the population through media (propaganda). It is interesting to note that Herbert Marcuse’s One Dimensional Man was published in 1964 during the height of cold war between United States and Russia yet the realities it portrayed is still relevant today especially the use of technology to control people. It may not be as direct as it used to be during the cold war where government used the technology of media to sow hatred and animosity among its citizens against its enemies but it is still present today. We can gleaned from different government advertisement such as the advertisement of Homeland Security where it always advertise the possibility of terror attack and always ask the people to report and cooperate to authorities about any untoward incident. At the onset, it may sound harmless and even helpful but if we dig in deeper on the subtleti es of its meaning, it is basically asking the people to be subservient to government by sowing fear in them about an enemy, imaginary or real and presenting itself as its protector to control them. Generally, we are also unaware of how technology is used by the government to control people through the use of weapons. We often wonder why America has enemies that hated it so much to the point of blowing themselves up such as the case of suicide bombers. Marcuse provided a perspective that It is because of the government’

The Marketing Mix and Key Stakeholder Groups for Ryanair Airline Assignment

The Marketing Mix and Key Stakeholder Groups for Ryanair Airline - Assignment Example This research will begin with the statement that in order to amplify the sustainability and reputation in this age of extreme aggressiveness, it is the stakeholders, who might present positive strategies and policies for the growth the organization. This is because, stakeholders are recognized as those individuals, in which the organization is entirely dependent over a long period of time. Moreover, varied types of internal motives and desires of these stakeholders get fulfilled due to the increase in the organizational productivity and profitability. Other than this, the stakeholders are those individuals, who get affected by the implementation of varied types of inventive activities by the organization. This section identifies the prime stakeholders of Ryanair Airline that offers significant impact and influence over organizational activities are employees, pressure groups, and shareholders. Employees: employees are considered as the internal stakeholders of an organization and pla y a very vital role in organizational improvement. This is because; it is the employees or the human resources of an organization that dedicates his or her total commitment so as to amplify his level of performance or goals. Similarly, the employees or human resources of Ryanair Airline might try to present effective attitude, behavior as well as services so as to satisfy the requirements of the customers. Only then, the reliability and trust of the customers over the hospitality of Ryanair Airlines might get enhanced that may improve the brand image and market share of the brand. Other than this, if the level of hospitality of the employees of Ryanair Airlines is extremely praise-worthy, then the range of customers might get increased that may amplify the profitability and productivity of the organization. However, in order to maintain such type of hospitality, the employees need to offer extensive training and development workshops so as to improve their communication skills and i ntelligence power. Apart from this, in order to make the employees as the most profitable assets of Ryanair, effective communication and participation system need to be implemented, at the time of developing any strategy or policy.